diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ctypes/test_callbacks.py b/Lib/test/test_ctypes/test_callbacks.py
index c7f287d9fb6293d..8fff5fe4c8e2f30 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ctypes/test_callbacks.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ctypes/test_callbacks.py
@@ -559,6 +559,27 @@ def cb():
 
         self.assertEqual(_testfunc_callback_int_to_longlong(cb), -1)
 
+    def test_mismatched_callback_type_error_includes_signature(self):
+        # gh-125788: mismatched callback types used to say
+        # "expected CFunctionType instance instead of CFunctionType".
+        Expected = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p, c_void_p)
+        Actual = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def callback(a, b):
+            return 0
+
+        actual = Actual(callback)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+            Expected.from_param(actual)
+        msg = str(cm.exception)
+        self.assertIn("signature", msg)
+        self.assertIn("restype", msg)
+        self.assertIn("argtypes", msg)
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            msg,
+            f"expected {Expected.__name__} instance instead of {type(actual).__name__}",
+        )
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-10-31-14-46-04.gh-issue-125788.dEn5yH.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-10-31-14-46-04.gh-issue-125788.dEn5yH.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..7f4d61ac32aa1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-10-31-14-46-04.gh-issue-125788.dEn5yH.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+:mod:`ctypes` :exc:`TypeError` messages for mismatched callback function
+types now include the expected and actual signatures (``restype`` and
+``argtypes``). Previously both types often appeared only as
+``CFunctionType`` or ``WinFunctionType``.
diff --git a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
index 1035c91005759df..dff32789342c8ca 100644
--- a/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
+++ b/Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes.c
@@ -1123,6 +1123,32 @@ CDataType_from_param_impl(PyObject *type, PyTypeObject *cls, PyObject *value)
         _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
         return value;
     }
+    /* Callback function pointer types often share the same tp_name
+       ("CFunctionType" / "WinFunctionType"), so include signatures when
+       both the expected type and the value are callback types (#125788). */
+    if (PyCFuncPtrTypeObject_Check(st, type) &&
+        PyCFuncPtrObject_Check(st, value)) {
+        StgInfo *expected_info;
+        StgInfo *actual_info;
+        if (PyStgInfo_FromType(st, type, &expected_info) < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (PyStgInfo_FromType(st, (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(value), &actual_info) < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (expected_info != NULL && actual_info != NULL) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "expected %s with signature (restype=%R, argtypes=%R) "
+                         "but received %s with signature (restype=%R, argtypes=%R)",
+                         ((PyTypeObject *)type)->tp_name,
+                         expected_info->restype ? expected_info->restype : Py_None,
+                         expected_info->argtypes ? expected_info->argtypes : Py_None,
+                         Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name,
+                         actual_info->restype ? actual_info->restype : Py_None,
+                         actual_info->argtypes ? actual_info->argtypes : Py_None);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                  "expected %s instance instead of %s",
                  ((PyTypeObject *)type)->tp_name,